IWRA Proceedings

< Return to abstract list

Digitalization for water scarcity and climate resilience: Insights from Spain

IWRA World Water Congress 2025 Marrakech Morocco
Towards Innovation and a Smart Water Future
Author(s): Alfonso Expósito and Esther Díez
Alfonso Expósito and Esther Díez
University of Malaga (Spain) & ANR (France)
December 1st, 2025

Oral: PDF

Abstract

Aims of our work

1. To deepen understanding of how digital tools are reshaping water management and policy practices.

2. To provide insights into the main drivers and challenges of the digital transformation in water management, and to highlight key digital tools leading this shift.

3. To tease out transferable lessons that can support and accelerate digital transformation efforts.

Challenges

▪ Need for investments (implementation, maintenance, updates, staff training):
For local governments in Andalusia and organisations with limited budgets, these costs can be prohibitive.
Need for clear financial incentives or evidence of costs savings.

▪ Insufficient data exchange and interoperability due to inconsistent water management practices.

▪ Reluctance of personnel to change their “common” practices :
Concerns about the need to disrupt established practices, bypass community-driven management, and necessity to restructure teams.

▪ Limited access of citizens and water management authorities to digital tools, in particular in rural and marginalized communities.
▪ Digital illiteracy:
The use of digital tools often requires a certain level of technical knowledge.
The added value of digital tools is not apparent to end-users.

▪ Inadequate policies, regulations and incentives. 

Some recommendations

▪ Develop cost-effective, user-friendly and simpler digital tools to make digital tools more accessible to a wider range of stakeholders.

▪ Enable communication with end-users from the outset of the design process to ensure a full alignment between the functionalities of the tool and users’ needs.

▪ Improve digital literacy through showcase activities and Living Labs to improve knowledge and “demonstrate” the value creation of digital tools (e.g. delivery of tangible and measurable benefits such as improved decision-making, cost savings, better public engagement).

▪ Establish clear guidelines on data ownership and sovereignty.

▪ Enable the development of supporting regulations, policy frameworks and instruments: the Spanish WCD-SPERT programme is a good example.

▪ Set up evaluation frameworks (KPIs) to track the implementation and use of digital tools, justify
investments and identify options for improvement.